![]() In many social respects from the more natural forms of human Quite to the contrary: however much city life marks a departure Pervades so much of the writing on urbanity of western society. ![]() My argument runs counter to the conventional wisdom that city and countryside, like society and nature, are necessarily in conflict with each other, a theme that I must leave it to the pages which follow forĪ more complete description and elucidation of the vast problems The nature of this threat-not merely as geographic sprawlīut a devastating dehumanizing of city life, a destructing of community, and a denaturing of agrarian life-is the underlying That poses a deadly threat to the city and countryside alike: urbanization. The emergence of a relatively new and cancerous phenomenon Not from the emergence of the city as such rather it results from The real urban crisis of our time, I shall emphasize, has resulted To be in order to better understand what they should be in an People today will understand what the city and citizenship used Ogy in the hope that environmentally as well as socially oriented To redefine the city and the citizen in the language of social ecol Shaping the form of a natural ecocommunity civic history, as the My emphasis on civic participation can be taken as the social counterpart of biological mutualismĬitizenship, as the social counterpart of biotic involvement if References to the agrarian world could easily be regarded as references to the natural world as well. Their sense of natural place as well as social place. Threat to the environment but as a uniquely human, ethical, andĮcological community that often lived in balance with nature andĬreated institutional forms that sharpened human awareness of What I wish to do is redeem the city, to visualize it not Of no less concern to me than the city itself, for the city at its bestĮventually became an ethical union of people, an ethical asĪs social ecocommunity, not simply a dense collection of structuresĭesigned for no other purpose than to provide goods and services “nature”-that existed in balance with the “first nature” we ![]() Other to produce a form of “second nature”-a humanly made This urban ecocommunity called the city interacted with each Or center of production, and, in the last analysis, how member To think about the city as an ecocommunity is to try to understand how it evolved, what forms itĪssumed over time, how it functioned as more than a mere market Obliged to deal with the biological development of an organism toīetter understand its life-cycle. Have been obliged to take the reader on a voyage into the evolution of the city, just as any serious natural ecologist would be In applying a participatory sensibility to the city, I Various times insofar as it fostered diversity, mutualism, and connectedness. ![]() History, partly to show that the city was a social ecocommunity at It relates ecology’s participatory sensibility to the city in all its forms over the course of It tries to develop a concept of the city in those participatory terms that are uniquely characteristic of all “ecosystems” (or,Īs I prefer to call them, ecocommunities). This book attempts to lay the groundwork for such a socialĮcology. Is needed today if ecological thinking is to be relevant to the ![]() The changes urbanization has produced in our sensibility toward We must explore not only its impact on the naturalĮnvironment, a subject that has already been discussed in considerable detail by many writers, but, more significantly these days, AtĪ time when the overwhelming majority of people in North America and Western Europe regard themselves as city dwellers, weĪre obliged, if only for ecological reasons, to explore modern urbanization. Historic proportions it is a tremendous ecological fact as well. Urbanization is not only a social and cultural fact of That is sweeping it away together with so many natural features of Serious phenomena of the modern era, the massive urbanization To ignore this compelling fact is to ignore the destruction it faces by one of the most And in memory of Zeitel Kaluskaya (1860–1930),Īnd showed me a world long gone by. ![]()
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